[Prenatal rescue dose of betamethasone in the preterm infant with intrauterine growth restriction]. / Dosis prenatal de rescate de betametasona en el prematuro con restricción del crecimiento intrauterino.

Antenatal corticosteroids reduce mortality and respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in preterm newborns. These benefits decrease after a week of administration, recommending a rescue therapy if there is a new threat of premature delivery. Repeated administration of antenatal corticosteroids may have deleterious effects and their benefits are controversial in intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). OBJECTIVE: to verify the effects in the IUGR population of antenatal betamethasone rescue therapy on neonatal morbidity and mortality, RDS, and neurodevelopment at 2 years. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Retrospective study including ≤ 34 weeks and ≤ 1,500g preterm newborns divided according to antenatal betamethasone exposure: Single-cycle (2 doses) vs Rescue therapy (3 doses). Subgroups were created for those ≥ 30 weeks. Both cohorts were followed up to 24 months of corrected age. The Ages & Stages Questionnaires (ASQ)® was administered to assess neurodevelopment. RESULTS: 62 preterm infants with a diagnosis of IUGR were included. The rescue therapy group compared with the single-dose group showed no differences in morbidity and mortality and less intubation rate at birth (p = 0.02), with no differences in respiratory support at 7 days of life. Preterm newborns ≥ 30 weeks exposed to rescue therapy showed higher morbidity and mortality (p = 0.03) and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) (p = 0.02), showing no differences in RDS. The rescue therapy group showed worse mean scores on the ASQ-3 scale, with no significant differences in cerebral palsy or sensory deficits. CONCLUSIONS: Rescue therapy reduces intubation at birth but does not reduce morbidity and mortality. However, at > 30 weeks, this benefit is not observed and the IUGR population exposed to rescue therapy presented more BPD and lower scores on the ASQ-3 scale at 2 years. Future studies should be aimed at the individualization of antenatal corticosteroid therapy.

Antenatal Betamethasone Every 12 Hours in Imminent Preterm Labour.

BACKGROUND: Benefits of antenatal corticosteroids have been established for preterm infants who have received the full course. In imminent preterm labours there is no time to administer the second dose 24 h later. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the administration of two doses of betamethasone in a 12 h interval is equivalent to the effects of a full maturation. METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study including preterm infants ≤34 weeks gestational age at birth and ≤1500 g, admitted to an NICU IIIC level in a tertiary hospital from 2015 to 2020. The population was divided into two cohorts: complete maturation (CM) (two doses of betamethasone 24 h apart), or advanced maturation (AM) (two doses of betamethasone 12 h apart). The primary outcomes were mortality or survival with severe morbidities. The presence of respiratory distress syndrome and other morbidities of prematurity were determined. These variables were analysed in the neonates under 28 weeks gestational age cohort. Neurodevelopment at 2 years was evaluated with the validated Ages and Stages Questionnaires®, Third Edition (ASQ®-3). Multiple regression analyses were performed and adjusted for confounding factors. RESULTS: A total of 275 preterm neonates were included. Serious outcomes did not show differences between cohorts, no increased incidence of morbidity was found in AM. A lower percentage of hypotension during the first week (p = 0.04), a tendency towards lower maximum FiO2 (p = 0.14) and to a shorter mechanical ventilation time (p = 0.14) were observed for the AM cohort. Similar results were found in the subgroup of neonates under 28 weeks gestational age. There were no differences in cerebral palsy or sensory deficits at 24 months of corrected age, although the AM cohort showed a trend towards better scores on the ASQ3 scale. CONCLUSIONS: Administration of betamethasone every 12 h showed similar results to the traditional pattern with respect to mortality and severe morbidities. No deleterious neurodevelopmental effects were found at 24 months of corrected age. Earlier administration of betamethasone at 12 h after the first dose would be an alternative in imminent preterm delivery. Further studies are needed to confirm these results.

Documento español de consenso sobre diagnóstico, estabilización y tratamiento del síndrome inflamatorio multisistémico pediátrico vinculado a SARS-CoV-2 (SIM-PedS) / Spanish consensus document on diagnosis, stabilisation and treatment of pediatric multisystem inflammatory syndrome related to SARS-CoV-2 (SIM-PedS)

Se ha descrito un nuevo síndrome inflamatorio multisistémico pediátrico vinculado a SARS-CoV-2. Este cuadro presenta una expresividad clínica variable y se asocia a infección activa o reciente por SARS-CoV-2. En este documento se revisa la literatura existente por parte de un grupo multidisciplinar de especialistas pediátricos. Posteriormente, se realizan recomendaciones sobre estabilización, diagnóstico y tratamiento de este síndrome

A new paediatric multisystem inflammatory syndrome, linked to SARS-CoV-2, has been described. The clinical picture is variable and is associated with an active or recent infection due to SARS-CoV-2. A review of the existing literature by a multidisciplinary group of paediatric specialists is presented in this document. Later, they make recommendations on the stabilisation, diagnosis, and treatment of this síndrome

[Spanish consensus document on diagnosis, stabilisation and treatment of pediatric multisystem inflammatory syndrome related to SARS-CoV-2 (SIM-PedS)]. / Documento español de consenso sobre diagnóstico, estabilización y tratamiento del síndrome inflamatorio multisistémico pediátrico vinculado a SARS-CoV-2 (SIM-PedS).

A new paediatric multisystem inflammatory syndrome, linked to SARS-CoV-2, has been described. The clinical picture is variable and is associated with an active or recent infection due to SARS-CoV-2. A review of the existing literature by a multidisciplinary group of paediatric specialists is presented in this document. Later, they make recommendations on the stabilisation, diagnosis, and treatment of this syndrome.

Genital Hair-Thread Tourniquet Syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Hair-thread tourniquet syndrome is a rare disorder that occurs when a hair or other fiber becomes wrapped around an appendage, resulting in swelling, pain, or even loss of the appendage. Some cases affecting the female genitals have been reported. CASE: The case of a 10-year-old girl with a 3-day history of genital pain is presented. During examination, a hair tourniquet was found at the base of a swollen and painful clitoris. The hair was removed under deep sedation, producing immediate relief. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION: The most important concern in genital hair-thread tourniquet syndrome is a high index of suspicion and prompt resolution in order to save the affected tissue. It should be considered on the differential diagnosis for all girls with vulvar swelling and indication of pain.

[Hypotonic-hyporesponsive episode following acellular pertussis vaccination]. / Episodio de hipotonía-hiporreactividad posvacunación con DtPa.

The introduction of routine vaccination against whooping cough caused a drastic decline in the incidence of this disease, but remains today a public health problem even in countries with high vaccination coverage. However, with this decrease in cases, there were an emergence of neurological severe adverse events such as the "hypotonic-hyporesponsive episodes" (HHE), characterized by sudden loss of muscle tone associated with poor response to stimuli and skin pallor or cyanosis. The HHE is a rare phenomenon after administration of pertussis vaccine, but it is essential for health workers recognition of such reactions, especially in the 48 hours following vaccination. Although sometimes can become difficult to attribute a causal relationship between vaccine administration and an adverse effect, any suspicious events should be reported.

Episodio de hipotonía-hiporreactividad posvacunación con DtPa / Hypotonic-hyporesponsive episode following acellular pertussis vaccination

La introducción de la vacunación sistemática contra la tos ferina determinó un descenso drástico en la incidencia de esta patología, aunque todavía representa un problema de salud pública, incluso en los países con alta cobertura de vacunación. Sin embargo, además de la disminución de los casos por la proflaxis activa, se ha observado la emergencia de efectos adversos neurológicos graves, como los denominados "episodios de hipotonía-hiporreactividad" (HHE), caracterizados por una pérdida súbita del tono muscular asociada a escasa respuesta a los estímulos y palidez cutánea o cianosis. Los HHE son un fenómeno infrecuente después de la administración de la vacuna con un componente antitosferínico, pero es fundamental que el personal sanitario sepa reconocerlos, sobre todo en las siguientes 48 horas de la vacunación. Aunque en ocasiones es difícil establecer una relación causal entre la administración de la vacuna y un efecto adverso, debe comunicarse cualquier evento sospechoso.

The introduction of routine vaccination against whooping cough caused a drastic decline in the incidence of this disease, but remains today a public health problem even in countries with high vaccination coverage. However, with this decrease in cases, there were an emergence of neurological severe adverse events such as the "hypotonic-hyporesponsive episodes" (HHE), characterized by sudden loss of muscle tone associated with poor response to stimuli and skin pallor or cyanosis. The HHE is a rare phenomenon after administration of pertussis vaccine, but it is essential for health workers recognition of such reactions, especially in the 48 hours following vaccination. Although sometimes can become diffcult to attribute a causal relationship between vaccine administration and an adverse effect, any suspicious events should be reported.

Episodio de hipotonía-hiporreactividad posvacunación con DtPa / Hypotonic-hyporesponsive episode following acellular pertussis vaccination

La introducción de la vacunación sistemática contra la tos ferina determinó un descenso drástico en la incidencia de esta patología, aunque todavía representa un problema de salud pública, incluso en los países con alta cobertura de vacunación. Sin embargo, además de la disminución de los casos por la proflaxis activa, se ha observado la emergencia de efectos adversos neurológicos graves, como los denominados "episodios de hipotonía-hiporreactividad" (HHE), caracterizados por una pérdida súbita del tono muscular asociada a escasa respuesta a los estímulos y palidez cutánea o cianosis. Los HHE son un fenómeno infrecuente después de la administración de la vacuna con un componente antitosferínico, pero es fundamental que el personal sanitario sepa reconocerlos, sobre todo en las siguientes 48 horas de la vacunación. Aunque en ocasiones es difícil establecer una relación causal entre la administración de la vacuna y un efecto adverso, debe comunicarse cualquier evento sospechoso.(AU)

The introduction of routine vaccination against whooping cough caused a drastic decline in the incidence of this disease, but remains today a public health problem even in countries with high vaccination coverage. However, with this decrease in cases, there were an emergence of neurological severe adverse events such as the "hypotonic-hyporesponsive episodes" (HHE), characterized by sudden loss of muscle tone associated with poor response to stimuli and skin pallor or cyanosis. The HHE is a rare phenomenon after administration of pertussis vaccine, but it is essential for health workers recognition of such reactions, especially in the 48 hours following vaccination. Although sometimes can become diffcult to attribute a causal relationship between vaccine administration and an adverse effect, any suspicious events should be reported.(AU)

Episodio de hipotonía-hiporreactividad posvacunación con DtPa. / [Hypotonic-hyporesponsive episode following acellular pertussis vaccination].

The introduction of routine vaccination against whooping cough caused a drastic decline in the incidence of this disease, but remains today a public health problem even in countries with high vaccination coverage. However, with this decrease in cases, there were an emergence of neurological severe adverse events such as the "hypotonic-hyporesponsive episodes" (HHE), characterized by sudden loss of muscle tone associated with poor response to stimuli and skin pallor or cyanosis. The HHE is a rare phenomenon after administration of pertussis vaccine, but it is essential for health workers recognition of such reactions, especially in the 48 hours following vaccination. Although sometimes can become difficult to attribute a causal relationship between vaccine administration and an adverse effect, any suspicious events should be reported.

Peripheral precocious puberty due to inadvertent exposure to testosterone: case report and review of the literature.

Sexual development in children due to exogenous androgen exposure is rare and sparsely reported. In this paper, we present a new case of peripheral precocious puberty of exogenous origin in an 18-month-old boy due to inadvertent exposure to a testosterone gel used by his father as hormonal replacement therapy. We also review other cases in the literature. Most of these cases are due to a secondary exposure to androgen topical preparations, such as gels or creams. We highlight the value of the knowledge of the existence of these preparations to the paediatrician, given the increasingly widespread use and production of adverse effects from inadvertent contact, especially in children.